Teen Conformity in Sinclair Lewis Babbitt and in Society...

Teen Conformity in Babbitt and in Society Today In society today, people feel the need to belong. They feel as though they have to be a part of something in order to feel special. At times, they will go so far as to lose their individuality and submit themselves into complete ignorance just to be able to know that there is someone or something to which they can always fall back on. Conformity is one of the most common and most apparent forms of Babbittry in the twenty - first century. First, the question must be answered: What is conformity? The answer, of course, is very simple. Conformity is a person changing their attitude or behavior on their own in order to fulfill certain social norms (Ferguson). Conforming to†¦show more content†¦This part is a perfect representation of how sometimes teenagers like to conform to being rebellious against their parents and higher institutions. His views are characteristic of the common teenager that school and our elders cant teach us anything. This point is obvious when Ted says (concerning college), Yuh, but Dad, they just teach a lot of old junk that isnt any practical use - except the manual training and typewriting and basketball and dancing - and in these correspondence courses, gee, you can get all kinds of stuff that would come in handy. (Lewis 77). Ted speaks about how frustrated he is with his Dad being content with simply sitting around the house and doing nothing (Lewis 220). His need to be different and to not go to college is a perfect example of a teenagers need to rebel against their parents. Teds assumption that his elders are boring is another form of teen conformity. Even today, children wish to do things that they think are better as opposed to what their elders tell them. Teen conformity can also be seen with Teds party for the Senior Class. At this party the Babbitts serve alcohol and the teenagers exhibit behavior which George considers to be immoral. Babbitt is completely against the idea but his wife tells him, [I]f you get angry because they go out to their cars to have a drink, they wont come to yourShow MoreRelatedOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pageswill give a good idea of the breadth and complexity of this important subject, and this is precisely what McAuley, Duberley and Johnson have provided. They have done some sterling service in bringing together the very diverse strands of work that today qualify as constituting the subject of organisational theory. Whilst their writing is accessible and engaging, their approach is scholarly and serious. It is so easy for students (and indeed others who should know better) to trivialize this very problematic

The Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass, An...

A slave narrative is a work of literature that tells the first hand account of slaves. Slave narratives are in a sense they autobiography for slave culture. Slaves in these stories usually go through great turmoil and stress, overcome many obstacles, and contribute many a tale of the perseverance of their culture, family and religion. All these characteristics are found in the story of Olaudah Equiano, The Interesting Narrative and Other Writings, as well as the narrative of Frederick Douglass, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave. Both of these real life accounts have these tropes, but in comparison do not exclusively only both contain these points. The narratives of both these men have a great deal in common even though Equiano’s death and Douglass’ birth were separated by twenty-one years, though Douglass’ birthdate is debateable; for even he does not know his own date of birth. Both Equiano and Douglass use a great deal of religious moments throughout their stories, Equiano having a great deal more points on the subject as his story was written longer and was infused much more with religious stories and voice. These writers also both put an emphasis on the acquiring of literacy even during their time as slaves, though there most common comparison has to be their stories containing their childhood moments. These men did a great deal to get their stories out to the world and had to show utmost poise in order to be taken seriously by a largelyShow MoreRelatedThe Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave1093 Words   |  5 Pagespossible difference.† -Frederick Douglass. The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave, by Frederick Douglass, shares the story of the struggles of an American slave during the eighteenth-century. Fredrick Douglass was born in Tuckahoe, Maryland in approximately 1818. While being raised by his grandmother, Betsey Bailey, he snuck around at night to meet his mother nearby, assuming that his slaveholder, Captain Anthony, was his father. From adolescence, Douglass knew he was differentRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave1251 Words   |  6 PagesJustine Boonstra Frey- Period 1 MAJOR WORKS REVIEW AP Lang Version GENERAL 1. Douglass, Frederick. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave. 1845. New York: Fine, 2003. Print. 2. Autobiography STRUCTURE 1. Point of View: First Person, the narrator Frederick Douglass 2. Relationship of POV to meaning: 3. Plot Structure a. Exposition: Douglass describes that his mother was a black slave, and his father was a white man. Thus, he was born into slavery and was sent off toRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave Essay2361 Words   |  10 PagesReference Teacher Resources ââ€" » More ââ€" » Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave Summary Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave cover image summary In Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, Douglass recounts his experiences as a slave. He details the horrors of growing up on a plantation, being subjected to extreme racism, and running away to freedom. He later became an influential writer and activist. Douglass describes how he was separated from hisRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave1131 Words   |  5 PagesAshley Moreshead American History 2010 November 8, 2015 Frederick Douglass Essay The â€Å"Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave† is a memoir that depicts the hardships and brutalities, Fredrick himself and other slaves suffered during the time of slavery in the 1800’s. Throughout Douglass’ narrative, he describes the common casualties of growing up, and the limited information he is provided with. This is a direct connection between the ignorance of slaves and the lack of educationRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass : An American Slave1386 Words   |  6 Pagesthe slavery became like a tumor to parasitize the human society rapidly. With physical and psychological abuse, this â€Å"tumor† tortured every struggling people from day to night. As the insight of a dark history, Frederick Douglass’s â€Å"Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass: An American Slave† demonstrates the dehumanization of an inhuman society and how slavery could make a man be a salve and make another man be an enslaver and how he resisted this dehumanization. In eighteen and nineteen centuriesRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave1552 Words   |  7 Pages04/23/2015 Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, Written by Himself Theme: False versus True Christianity In this theme, Fredrick Douglass contrasts the both forms of Christianity to show the underlying hypocrisy in slavery. The results show that slavery is not religious as it exposes the evils in human bondage. These ideals however can be distorted so as to fit in the society. Two forms of Christianity are presented in â€Å"The Narrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglass and eachRead More The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave1267 Words   |  6 PagesThe Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave was written by Frederick Douglass himself. He was born into slavery in Tuckahoe, Maryland in approximately 1817. He has, †¦no accurate knowledge of my age, never having seen any authentic record containing it (47). He became known as an eloquent speaker for the cause of the abolitionists. Having himself been kept as a slave until he escaped from Maryland in 1838Read More Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave2076 Words   |  9 PagesNarrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave: A Masterpiece of Propaganda When was the last time you were exposed to propaganda? If you think it was more than a day ago, you are probably unaware of what propaganda really is. According to Donna Woolfolk Cross in â€Å"Propaganda: How not to be Bamboozled,† propaganda is â€Å"simply a means of persuasion† (149). She further notes that we are subjected daily to propaganda in one form or another as advertisers, politicians, and evenRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave1375 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave† The book â€Å"Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave† was written by Frederick Douglass. It is based on a true story where Douglass writes down about his life as a slave where he was born in Tuckahoe near Hillsborough. However, his mother was an African American while his father was white. The problem was that all the slaves did not know their birthday therefore, Douglas did not know his own age. Although, his masterRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave Essay707 Words   |  3 PagesProfessor C. Hague American Literature Final Exam August 1, 2016 Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave, Written by Himself Frederick Douglass’s â€Å"Narrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglass, An American Slave, Written by Himself,† qualifies as a slave narrative in countless ways. â€Å" Slave narratives had been ghostwritten or composed with the help of white editors, but the narrative’s vivid detail and stylistic distinctiveness, combined with the reputation Douglass had earned as The Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass, An... Loss of Identity As a means of establishing control early on, slave owners would begin to strip the slaves of any identity they had. In the Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave, Written by Himself. Douglass writes how he, as well as many other salves do not even know their own birthdate. â€Å"I have no accurate knowledge of my age†, (pg 946). Douglass further reiterates that this is not an uncommon practice by stating, â€Å"By far the larger part of the slaves know as little of their ages as a horse knows of theirs† (pg 946). Another example of striping away a slave’s identity can be found in The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavas Vassa, the African, Written by Himself. Equiano describes the instance in which his master, Michael Henry Pascal, assigns him a new name. â€Å"While I was on board this ship, my captain and master named me Gustavas Vassa† (pg 367). Equiano tries to hold onto the little he has left, and initially refuses to answer to his new name, however, was beaten into submission as noted in the following quote, â€Å"and when I refused to answer my new name, which I at first did, it gained me many a cuff; so at length I submitted, and by which I have been known ever since† (pg 367 bottom) Equiano’s narrative is heavily focused on the destructiveness of slavery. He and his fellow Africans are free people who are kidnapped from their country and sold into slavery in America. In a most outspoken passage, Equiano touchesShow MoreRelatedNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave1251 Words   |  6 PagesJustine Boonstra Frey- Period 1 MAJOR WORKS REVIEW AP Lang Version GENERAL 1. Douglass, Frederick. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave. 1845. New York: Fine, 2003. Print. 2. Autobiography STRUCTURE 1. Point of View: First Person, the narrator Frederick Douglass 2. Relationship of POV to meaning: 3. Plot Structure a. Exposition: Douglass describes that his mother was a black slave, and his father was a white man. Thus, he was born into slavery and was sent off toRead MoreThe Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave1093 Words   |  5 Pagespossible difference.† -Frederick Douglass. The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave, by Frederick Douglass, shares the story of the struggles of an American slave during the eighteenth-century. Fredrick Douglass was born in Tuckahoe, Maryland in approximately 1818. While being raised by his grandmother, Betsey Bailey, he snuck around at night to meet his mother nearby, assuming that his slaveholder, Captain Anthony, was his father. From adolescence, Douglass knew he was differentRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave1131 Words   |  5 PagesAshley Moreshead American History 2010 November 8, 2015 Frederick Douglass Essay The â€Å"Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave† is a memoir that depicts the hardships and brutalities, Fredrick himself and other slaves suffered during the time of slavery in the 1800’s. Throughout Douglass’ narrative, he describes the common casualties of growing up, and the limited information he is provided with. This is a direct connection between the ignorance of slaves and the lack of educationRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave1552 Words   |  7 Pages04/23/2015 Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, Written by Himself Theme: False versus True Christianity In this theme, Fredrick Douglass contrasts the both forms of Christianity to show the underlying hypocrisy in slavery. The results show that slavery is not religious as it exposes the evils in human bondage. These ideals however can be distorted so as to fit in the society. Two forms of Christianity are presented in â€Å"The Narrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglass and eachRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass : An American Slave1386 Words   |  6 Pagesthe slavery became like a tumor to parasitize the human society rapidly. With physical and psychological abuse, this â€Å"tumor† tortured every struggling people from day to night. As the insight of a dark history, Frederick Douglass’s â€Å"Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass: An American Slave† demonstrates the dehumanization of an inhuman society and how slavery could make a man be a salve and make another man be an enslaver and how he resisted this dehumanization. In eighteen and nineteen centuriesRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave Essay2361 Words   |  10 PagesReference Teacher Resources ââ€" » More ââ€" » Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave Summary Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave cover image summary In Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, Douglass recounts his experiences as a slave. He details the horrors of growing up on a plantation, being subjected to extreme racism, and running away to freedom. He later became an influential writer and activist. Douglass describes how he was separated from hisRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave977 Words   |  4 PagesIn 1845 Frederick Douglass published his first book Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave. This book not only showed people what life was truly like in the eyes of a slave, but it became instrumental in propelling the abolitionist movement and helping it gain motion all across the country. Douglass was truly a revolutionary person because throughout the duration of slavery, African American people were not permitted to be educated. This was considered dangerous. It wasn’tRead More The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave1267 Words   |  6 PagesThe Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave was written by Frederick Douglass himself. He was born into slavery in Tuckahoe, Maryland in approximately 1817. He has, †¦no accurate knowledge of my age, never having seen any authentic record containing it (47). He became known as an eloquent speaker for the cause of the abolitionists. Having himself been kept as a slave until he escaped from Maryland in 1838Read MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave1375 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave† The book â€Å"Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave† was written by Frederick Douglass. It is based on a true story where Douglass writes down about his life as a slave where he was born in Tuckahoe near Hillsborough. However, his mother was an African American while his father was white. The problem was that all the slaves did not know their birthday therefore, Douglas did not know his own age. Although, his masterRead MoreThe Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave1129 Words   |  5 Pagesboth â€Å"The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave,† by Frederick Douglass and â€Å"Self Reliance†, by Ralph Waldo Emerson, a person may notice a trend that both authors focused on. The trend was the key to happiness or self-fulfillment. Both Ralph Waldo Emerson and Frederick Douglass believed that acquiring knowledge is what people should aim for throughout their lives. They both had different vie wpoints when it came to the type of knowledge individuals should gain. Douglass believed The Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass, An... After the completion of both â€Å"The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave,† by Frederick Douglass and â€Å"Self Reliance†, by Ralph Waldo Emerson, a person may notice a trend that both authors focused on. The trend was the key to happiness or self-fulfillment. Both Ralph Waldo Emerson and Frederick Douglass believed that acquiring knowledge is what people should aim for throughout their lives. They both had different viewpoints when it came to the type of knowledge individuals should gain. Douglass believed that one should seek to develop their mind while Emerson encouraged people to develop their soul. Frederick Douglass’ novel was a self-titled book depicting the trials and tribulations he had to prevail over as an American slave. Frederick’s views his time as a slave as being paramount in determining the path he decided to take in his future. Throughout time he portrayed a higher level of thinking than most people that were in the predicament as Frederick Douglass. He eventually had less hatred for his masters as he believed they gave him a chance to discover himself as a person. Ralph Waldo Emerson’s novel was more of a second person’s view of others during the post slavery era of America. This is indicated by Frederick Douglass’ book and the use of first person. It is similar to the tone and use of the same person in self-reliance where Ralph Waldo Emerson spoke of the quest he encountered towards identifying his identity and inner self. The settingShow MoreRelatedNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave1251 Words   |  6 PagesJustine Boonstra Frey- Period 1 MAJOR WORKS REVIEW AP Lang Version GENERAL 1. Douglass, Frederick. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave. 1845. New York: Fine, 2003. Print. 2. Autobiography STRUCTURE 1. Point of View: First Person, the narrator Frederick Douglass 2. Relationship of POV to meaning: 3. Plot Structure a. Exposition: Douglass describes that his mother was a black slave, and his father was a white man. Thus, he was born into slavery and was sent off toRead MoreThe Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave1093 Words   |  5 Pagespossible difference.† -Frederick Douglass. The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave, by Frederick Douglass, shares the story of the struggles of an American slave during the eighteenth-century. Fredrick Douglass was born in Tuckahoe, Maryland in approximately 1818. While being raised by his grandmother, Betsey Bailey, he snuck around at night to meet his mother nearby, assuming that his slaveholder, Captain Anthony, was his father. From adolescence, Douglass knew he was differentRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave1131 Words   |  5 PagesAshley Moreshead American History 2010 November 8, 2015 Frederick Douglass Essay The â€Å"Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave† is a memoir that depicts the hardships and brutalities, Fredrick himself and other slaves suffered during the time of slavery in the 1800’s. Throughout Douglass’ narrative, he describes the common casualties of growing up, and the limited information he is provided with. This is a direct connection between the ignorance of slaves and the lack of educationRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave1552 Words   |  7 Pages04/23/2015 Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, Written by Himself Theme: False versus True Christianity In this theme, Fredrick Douglass contrasts the both forms of Christianity to show the underlying hypocrisy in slavery. The results show that slavery is not religious as it exposes the evils in human bondage. These ideals however can be distorted so as to fit in the society. Two forms of Christianity are presented in â€Å"The Narrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglass and eachRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave Essay2361 Words   |  10 PagesReference Teacher Resources ââ€" » More ââ€" » Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave Summary Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave cover image summary In Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, Douglass recounts his experiences as a slave. He details the horrors of growing up on a plantation, being subjected to extreme racism, and running away to freedom. He later became an influential writer and activist. Douglass describes how he was separated from hisRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass : An American Slave1386 Words   |  6 Pagesthe slavery became like a tumor to parasitize the human society rapidly. With physical and psychological abuse, this â€Å"tumor† tortured every struggling people from day to night. As the insight of a dark history, Frederick Douglass’s â€Å"Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass: An American Slave† demonstrates the dehumanization of an inhuman society and how slavery could make a man be a salve and make another man be an enslaver and how he resisted this dehumanization. In eighteen and nineteen centuriesRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave977 Words   |  4 PagesIn 1845 Frederick Douglass published his first book Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave. This book not only showed people what life was truly like in the eyes of a slave, but it became instrumental in propelling the abolitionist movement and helping it gain motion all across the country. Douglass was truly a revolutionary person because throughout the duration of slavery, African American people were not permitted to be educated. This was considered dangerous. It wasn’tRead More The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave1267 Words   |  6 PagesThe Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave was written by Frederick Douglass himself. He was born into slavery in Tuckahoe, Maryland in approximately 1817. He has, †¦no accurate knowledge of my age, never having seen any authentic record containing it (47). He became known as an eloquent speaker for the cause of the abolitionists. Having himself been kept as a slave until he escaped from Maryland in 1838Read MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave1375 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave† The book â€Å"Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave† was written by Frederick Douglass. It is based on a true story where Douglass writes down about his life as a slave where he was born in Tuckahoe near Hillsborough. However, his mother was an African American while his father was white. The problem was that all the slaves did not know their birthday therefore, Douglas did not know his own age. Although, his masterRead MoreThe Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave Essay1309 Words   |  6 PagesAfter reading Douglass’s The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, Written by Himself, I have a better understanding of what it meant to be a black slave in the antebellum era, and have a better understanding of what form of oppression that they had to face. The fact that black people were oppressed into slavery created their own cultural identity. During this era, Douglass was able to pull himself ou t of terrible circumstances and taught himself how to read and write. As The Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass, An... Beloved Humans Merriam-Webster defines humans as of, relating to, or affecting people. In the Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, written by himself, we have learned through his experiences that he disputes the ideas of slavery. Douglass provides evidence on how he and thousands of other black slaves were dehumanized by their slave holders. He was whipped, starved, and uneducated. Since you can be less human; can you be more human? If so, is the oppressor or the oppressed responsible for being less human? Throughout Douglass’s book he explains how he was dehumanized but if he was treated more humane, could he have been more human? Is it even possible to more human? Douglas was able to over come adversity by receiving an education, treating others how he wanted to be treated, and empathizing with people different than himself. â€Å"I succeed in learning how to read and write† (47). Douglass had to learn how to read and write on his own because slave holders believed that if slaves learned how to read they would run away and take over white people’s jobs. Education is a crucial factor in how you are capable of being more human. Literacy helps build the economy and start economic change in our rapidly evolving technological world. Frederick â€Å"devoted his Sundays to teaching these my loved fellow-slaves how to read† (84). Everybody knows a little more about a topic and is responsible for sharing it with others. How did technology advance if you do notShow MoreRelatedNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave1251 Words   |  6 PagesJustine Boonstra Frey- Period 1 MAJOR WORKS REVIEW AP Lang Version GENERAL 1. Douglass, Frederick. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave. 1845. New York: Fine, 2003. Print. 2. Autobiography STRUCTURE 1. Point of View: First Person, the narrator Frederick Douglass 2. Relationship of POV to meaning: 3. Plot Structure a. Exposition: Douglass describes that his mother was a black slave, and his father was a white man. Thus, he was born into slavery and was sent off toRead MoreThe Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave1093 Words   |  5 Pagespossible difference.† -Frederick Douglass. The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave, by Frederick Douglass, shares the story of the struggles of an American slave during the eighteenth-century. Fredrick Douglass was born in Tuckahoe, Maryland in approximately 1818. While being raised by his grandmother, Betsey Bailey, he snuck around at night to meet his mother nearby, assuming that his slaveholder, Captain Anthony, was his father. From adolescence, Douglass knew he was differentRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave1131 Words   |  5 PagesAshley Moreshead American History 2010 November 8, 2015 Frederick Douglass Essay The â€Å"Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave† is a memoir that depicts the hardships and brutalities, Fredrick himself and other slaves suffered during the time of slavery in the 1800’s. Throughout Douglass’ narrative, he describes the common casualties of growing up, and the limited information he is provided with. This is a direct connection between the ignorance of slaves and the lack of educationRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave1552 Words   |  7 Pages04/23/2015 Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, Written by Himself Theme: False versus True Christianity In this theme, Fredrick Douglass contrasts the both forms of Christianity to show the underlying hypocrisy in slavery. The results show that slavery is not religious as it exposes the evils in human bondage. These ideals however can be distorted so as to fit in the society. Two forms of Christianity are presented in â€Å"The Narrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglass and eachRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave Essay2361 Words   |  10 PagesReference Teacher Resources ââ€" » More ââ€" » Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave Summary Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave cover image summary In Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, Douglass recounts his experiences as a slave. He details the horrors of growing up on a plantation, being subjected to extreme racism, and running away to freedom. He later became an influential writer and activist. Douglass describes how he was separated from hisRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass : An American Slave1386 Words   |  6 Pagesthe slavery became like a tumor to parasitize the human society rapidly. With physical and psychological abuse, this â€Å"tumor† tortured every struggling people from day to night. As the insight of a dark history, Frederick Douglass’s â€Å"Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass: An American Slave† demonstrates the dehumanization of an inhuman society and how slavery could make a man be a salve and make another man be an enslaver and how he resisted this dehumanization. In eighteen and nineteen centuriesRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave977 Words   |  4 PagesIn 1845 Frederick Douglass published his first book Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave. This book not only showed people what life was truly like in the eyes of a slave, but it became instrumental in propelling the abolitionist movement and helping it gain motion all across the country. Douglass was truly a revolutionary person because throughout the duration of slavery, African American people were not permitted to be educated. This was considered dangerous. It wasn’tRead More The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave1267 Words   |  6 PagesThe Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave was written by Frederick Douglass himself. He was born into slavery in Tuckahoe, Maryland in approximately 1817. He has, †¦no accurate knowledge of my age, never having seen any authentic record containing it (47). He became known as an eloquent speaker for the cause of the abolitionists. Having himself been kept as a slave until he escaped from Maryland in 1838Read MoreThe Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave1129 Words   |  5 Pagesboth â€Å"The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave,† by Frederick Douglass and â€Å"Self Reliance†, by Ralph Waldo Emerson, a person may notice a trend that both authors focused on. The trend was the key to happiness or self-fulfillment. Both Ralph Waldo Emerson and Frederick Douglass believed that acquiring knowledge is what people should aim for throughout their lives. They both had different viewpoints when it c ame to the type of knowledge individuals should gain. Douglass believedRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave1375 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave† The book â€Å"Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave† was written by Frederick Douglass. It is based on a true story where Douglass writes down about his life as a slave where he was born in Tuckahoe near Hillsborough. However, his mother was an African American while his father was white. The problem was that all the slaves did not know their birthday therefore, Douglas did not know his own age. Although, his master The Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass, An... â€Å"Between the Christianity of this land, and the Christianity of Christ, I recognize the widest possible difference.† -Frederick Douglass. The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave, by Frederick Douglass, shares the story of the struggles of an American slave during the eighteenth-century. Fredrick Douglass was born in Tuckahoe, Maryland in approximately 1818. While being raised by his grandmother, Betsey Bailey, he snuck around at night to meet his mother nearby, assuming that his slaveholder, Captain Anthony, was his father. From adolescence, Douglass knew he was different than the white children running around. He found that the child of a slaveholder and slave was treated more harshly due the convertiverse among the slaveholder and his wife. He also learned that it was acceptable for a slaveholder to beat and strike their slaves. He recognized after many years of a being weakened by his hypocritical slaveholders, it was time to use his abiliti es to rise above the beatings and escape, traveling to the North to gain his freedom. Douglass uses his autobiography to express the distinct separate among the true Christian and white slaveholder Christian during the eighteenth-century American slavery. Douglass seems to weave religious controversy in his autobiography defining the differences of actions among the slaves and slaveholders. Douglass was an American slave that believed in Christianity, but struggled with the idea that slaveholder couldShow MoreRelatedNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave1251 Words   |  6 PagesJustine Boonstra Frey- Period 1 MAJOR WORKS REVIEW AP Lang Version GENERAL 1. Douglass, Frederick. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave. 1845. New York: Fine, 2003. Print. 2. Autobiography STRUCTURE 1. Point of View: First Person, the narrator Frederick Douglass 2. Relationship of POV to meaning: 3. Plot Structure a. Exposition: Douglass describes that his mother was a black slave, and his father was a white man. Thus, he was born into slavery and was sent off toRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave1131 Words   |  5 PagesAshley Moreshead American History 2010 November 8, 2015 Frederick Douglass Essay The â€Å"Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave† is a memoir that depicts the hardships and brutalities, Fredrick himself and other slaves suffered during the time of slavery in the 1800’s. Throughout Douglass’ narrative, he describes the common casualties of growing up, and the limited information he is provided with. This is a direct connection between the ignorance of slaves and the lack of educationRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave1552 Words   |  7 Pages04/23/2015 Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, Written by Himself Theme: False versus True Christianity In this theme, Fredrick Douglass contrasts the both forms of Christianity to show the underlying hypocrisy in slavery. The results show that slavery is not religious as it exposes the evils in human bondage. These ideals however can be distorted so as to fit in the society. Two forms of Christianity are presented in â€Å"The Narrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglass and eachRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave Essay2361 Words   |  10 PagesReference Teacher Resources ââ€" » More ââ€" » Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave Summary Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave cover image summary In Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, Douglass recounts his experiences as a slave. He details the horrors of growing up on a plantation, being subjected to extreme racism, and running away to freedom. He later became an influential writer and activist. Douglass describes how he was separated from hisRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass : An American Slave1386 Words   |  6 Pagesthe slavery became like a tumor to parasitize the human society rapidly. With physical and psychological abuse, this â€Å"tumor† tortured every struggling people from day to night. As the insight of a dark history, Frederick Douglass’s â€Å"Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass: An American Slave† demonstrates the dehumanization of an inhuman society and how slavery could make a man be a salve and make another man be an enslaver and how he resisted this dehumanization. In eighteen and nineteen centuriesRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave977 Words   |  4 PagesIn 1845 Frederick Douglass published his first book Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave. This book not only showed people what life was truly like in the eyes of a slave, but it became instrumental in propelling the abolitionist movement and helping it gain motion all across the country. Douglass was truly a revolutionary person because throughout the duration of slavery, African American people were not permitted to be educated. This was considered dangerous. It wasn’tRead More The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave1267 Words   |  6 PagesThe Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave was written by Frederick Douglass himself. He was born into slavery in Tuckahoe, Maryland in approximately 1817. He has, †¦no accurate knowledge of my age, never having seen any authentic record containing it (47). He became known as an eloquent speaker for the cause of the abolitionists. Having himself been kept as a slave until he escaped from Maryland in 1838Read MoreThe Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave1129 Words   |  5 Pagesboth â€Å"The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave,† by Frederick Douglass and â€Å"Self Reliance†, by Ralph Waldo Emerson, a person may notice a trend that both authors focused on. The trend was the key to happiness or self-fulfillment. Both Ralph Waldo Emerson and Frederick Douglass believed that acquiring knowledge is what people should aim for throughout their lives. They both had different viewpoints when it c ame to the type of knowledge individuals should gain. Douglass believedRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave1375 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave† The book â€Å"Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave† was written by Frederick Douglass. It is based on a true story where Douglass writes down about his life as a slave where he was born in Tuckahoe near Hillsborough. However, his mother was an African American while his father was white. The problem was that all the slaves did not know their birthday therefore, Douglas did not know his own age. Although, his masterRead MoreThe Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave Essay1309 Words   |  6 PagesAfter reading Douglass’s The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, Written by Himself, I have a better understanding of what it meant to be a black slave in the antebellum era, and have a better understanding of what form of oppression that they had to face. The fact that black people were oppressed into slavery created their own cultural identity. During this era, Douglass was able to pull himself ou t of terrible circumstances and taught himself how to read and write. As

Hello Free Essays

Barnes and Fischer, a national CPA firm, is deciding whether to accept Ocean Manufacturing as a client. Ocean Manufacturing is a medium-sized manufacturer of small home appliances. This would be new to Barnes and Fischer, who has current clients in the healthcare service industries. We will write a custom essay sample on Hello or any similar topic only for you Order Now I am writing this memo to suggest that you reject Ocean Manufacturing as a client. Ocean Manufacturing has a favorable market position and growth potential, things that Barnes and Fischer are looking for. They terminated their current auditor so they can build a relationship with a nationally established CPA firm. That would make it possible for Ocean Manufacturing to make an initial public offering of its common stock within the next few years. The problems with Ocean Manufacturing are their lack of experience in management and their frustrating new IT system. The reason behind the lack of experience in management is due to the resignation of the vice president of operations and of the controller. They both took jobs in other cities due to personal issues. The IT system maintains integrated inventory, accounts receivable, accounts payable, payroll, and general ledger software modules. It was handled mainly by the former controller, but with him now gone, it would be difficult for a new controller to adapt to it with no experience. Problems have existed, such as inventory tracking and cost accumulation, receivables billing and aging, payroll tax deductions, payables, and balance sheet account classifications. If you look at Ocean Manufacturing’s return on equity of 8. 94% and return on assets of 4. 4% and compare them to the average industry ratios, they are considerable low. It means that they are not receiving enough money back on their investments and assets. The other consideration you should look into is their inventory turnover rate. Ocean Manufacturing has an inventory turnover rate of 6. 08 while the average is 8. 09. This means that they are holding more inventory than they are selling. The inventory turnover rate effect s the days in inventory ratio which is 59. 98 compared to the average of 41. 25. The last major problem is Ocean Manufacturing’s profit margin which is 5. 5%, while the average is 10. 58%. This measures how much out  of every dollar  of sales a company actually keeps in earnings. When I met with the previous auditor, he told me that Ocean Manufacturing had problems relating to the complexities with the new IT system and management’s tendency to aggressively reflect year-end accruals in order to meet creditors’ requirements. He also said that his firm’s relationship with management at Ocean Manufacturing had been difficult from the beginning. This troubles me. What if we have the same problems and never agree with Ocean Manufacturing. As you can see, Jane, on one hand, if we accept Ocean Manufacturing, Inc. , it would be good for us to have a client in the home appliance industry, especially one that has a favorable market position and growth potential. On the other hand, the problems are their lack of experience in management and a frustrating new IT system. Until they have more managerial experience and can modify the new IT system to control the company, I do not think we should accept Ocean Manufacturing as a client. How to cite Hello, Essay examples Hello Free Essays My weaker points in English are essay writing, especially introduction and conclusion paragraphs and poetry analysis. Based on what I know about the course, I feel like I will have to put in a lot of effort to pass the APE exam due to my weakness in essay writing. This year I would like to focus on getting my writing skills up to par for the APE exam. We will write a custom essay sample on Hello or any similar topic only for you Order Now ASK ABOUT THIS PARAGRAPH I recently turned 16 as I said earlier. I live with my mother and 14 year old brother, who also goes to Stanton. My dad is in the Ana so right now he’s stationed in Pensacola and comes home every other weekend. We live on the west side and my neighborhood school is Baldwin. I was born in Jacksonville but moved to Virginia for 4 years the summer after 5th grade. We moved back to Jacksonville 5 years ago. I play softball for the school, I think it starts sometime in the beginning of the 2nd quarter. I hope to participate in multi this year but I haven’t decided what group I want to try out for yet. I like to read as I mentioned before. The two series I’m interested in I can only get the books at the library after putting them on hold, so it’s taking me a while to finish the series. Over the summer I put â€Å"Insurgent†, the second book in the â€Å"Divergent† trilogy, on hold but when it arrived at the library we were on vacation in Grenade. I can be reached through email at britanym@comcast. Net. My home phone number is 904-329-3237. My cell phone number is 757-256-9756. It would be best to call the house phone if it is something important. How to cite Hello, Papers Hello Free Essays KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN CCE CALENDAR OF ACTIVITIES 2012-13 CLASS VII (Seven) ENGLISH FIRST TERM: APRIL –SEPTEMBER 2011 | | |Unit/Lesson/Topics to be covered |Mode of Assessment |Skills |Suggested value points | | |*Prose: The Three Questions |Comprehension check |Reading |Understanding | | |Poem: The Squirrel |Quiz ( Ants ) |Compeering |Pronunciation | | |*Supp: The Tiny Teacher |Recitation |Listening |Fluency | | | |Diary Entry |Speaking |Confidence | | | |Narration |writing |Format | | | | | |Expression | | |*Prose: The Gift of Chappals |Comprehension Check | Reading |Understanding | | |Poem: The Rebel |Informal Letter |Writing |Fluency | | |*Supp: Bringing up Kari |Anecdote (looking after an animal or needy without |Creative |Accuracy | | |*Supp: The Desert |elder’s knowledge. |Thinking Skill |Content | | | | |Speaking |Presentation | | |*Prose: Gopal the Hilsa Fish Poem: The Shed |Comprehension |Understanding |Expression | | |*Supp:The Cop the Anthem Golu Grows a nose. Dramatization |Vocabulary |Presentation | | | |Spellings |Speaking |Confidence | | |Reading 20 |Diary Entry |Acting |Content | | |Writing 20 |Comic Creation |Drawing | | | |Grammar 15 | |Writing | | | |Literature 25 | | | | | |REVISION | |FA I 10 | | | | |FA II 10 | | | | |SA I 20 | | | | |TOTAL 40 | | | | | | | | | | | |SECOND TERM : OCTOBER 2011 –MARCH 2012 | |Topics | Mode of Assessment |Skills |Value Points ( areas) | | |*Prose: The Ashes that made Trees Bloom Poem: |Comprehension check |Understanding | | | |Chivvy |Outline story construction The Woodcutter the Axe |Writing | | | | |Recitation |Speaking | | | | | | | | | |*Prose: Quality | Reading Paragraph/Slogan writing on Trees | Understanding |Confidence | | |Poem: Trees |Speech on Freedom is Life |Creative skills |Expression | | |*Supp :I want something in a cage | |Speaking |Content | | | | | |Fluency | | | | | |Presentation | | |*Prose: Expert Detectives | Comprehension check | Un derstanding Skill |Compre-hension | | |Poem: The Mystery of the Talking Fan. We will write a custom essay sample on Hello or any similar topic only for you Order Now *Supp: |Project on Sherlock Holmes |Writing |Content | | |Chandini | |Analytical |Presentation | | | | | | | |*Prose: The Invention of Vita -Wonk | Comprehension |Reading |Content | | |Poem: Dad The Cat The Tree |Paragraph Writing on Wonders of Science |Writing |Pronunciation | | |*Supp: The Bear Story |Recitation |Speaking |accuracy | | | |Discuss –Shoot animals with a Camera-,not a gun. Listening | | | |*Prose: Fire: Friend and Foe |Comprehension |Understanding |Confidence | | |*Prose: A Bicycle in Good Repair |Fire Safety Measures Speech |Speaking |Accuracy | | |Poem: Meadow Surprises |Article Writing –SAVE TIGERS |Writing |fluency | | |*Supp : A Tiger in the House | |Creativity | | | |*Prose: The Story of Cricket I II |Bio sketch of a favourite cricketer |Writing |Expression | | |Supp: An Alien Hand |Findings about Planet Mars. ( Mini Project) |Investigating |Presentation | | |*Poem : Garden Snake |Cricket quiz |Compeering |Confidence | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Reading 20 | | |FA III 10 | | |Writing 20 | | |FA IV 10 | | |Grammar 15 | | |SA II 40 | | |Literature 25 | | |TOTAL 60 | | |Revision | | | | | | | | | NOTE: In addition to consolidating the items learnt earlier, the following will be introduced and recycled through the Upper Primary Stage (Classes VI, VII and VIII) through the lessons given in the Main Text Books. †¢ Determiners * Passivisation * Linking Words * Adjectives (Comparative and Superlative Forms) *Adverbs (Place and Type), *Modal Auxilliaries * Tense Forms * Word Order in Sentence Types * Clauses * Reported Speech How to cite Hello, Papers Hello Free Essays Date of Submission January 14, 2013 Problem Statements: Paragraph 1 This paragraph should contain five sentences only. Write about your culture, something about your family generation before your parent’s generation, how are you connected to the generation prior to your parent’s generation, tell us about your parents and siblings, your community when growing up and your current community, and something about yourself. All paragraphs with over five sentences will receive a minus five points per extra sentence. We will write a custom essay sample on Hello or any similar topic only for you Order Now Please only five sentences. A culture was not really told to me the only thing that my sibling and I were told was to not get pregnant before we are married and have a career and to always get a good education. The only thing I know about my grandparent’s generation is that my mother’s parents did not finish elementary and that my father’s mother was held back a grade because of her height. I am very connected to my grandparents, they just do not talk much about their past. I have a little sister, who is 18 years old and a little brother that is 6 years old; the community we grew up in was in the suburbs and was very quiet, the neighbors were friendly and we all got along, we never had break ins because it was a gated community. The community I live in now is the total opposite it is always loud music playing, homes are getting broken into, people are always arguing; I am 21 I am a senior, I am funny, smart, and goofy. Paragraph 2 Write about your major, why you have chosen the major and what have you done prior to college to prepare for success in your current major. There must be five sentences. Why are you taking this course? Please do not say as an elective. Tell us how it fits into your overall academic goals. All paragraphs with over five will receive a minus five points for each extra sentence. Please only five sentences. My major is Special education. I originally was a elementary schools education major but I had gotten a job that involved working with individuals who had special needs and I enjoyed it I still do till this day, I decided to change my major to special education. Prior to attending college I did not really do anything to prepare for success in my major because I started out as a nursing major. I am taking this class not only as an elective, but so I can get the content I need to know to be able to successfully teach early childhood students as well as students with special needs. This class fits into my overall academic goals because without this class I cannot get my endorsement to teach early childhood students. Paragraph 3 From the readings in â€Å"Current Readings in Nursery School/Kindergaten Education† – pages 129-141 â€Å"The New First Grade: Too Much Too Soon? † share with us, what your experience was like in the first grade. Combine the readings with your real life experiences. You must include citations from the readings for credit. List the page number and paragraph number of the citation. 10 sentences required. What I can remember about my experiences in first grade where that we had these little white books that had 5-7 words on each page. We would receive a book every day and were required to read it that night to a parent or guardian and have them initial a paper saying that we had read the book to them. In the book, it state â€Å"Kids are tested every eight weeks to see if they are hitting school, district and statewide benchmarks†(pg. 133P 3). I remember having to take these benchmark tests, because the class that had the highest benchmark test scores would get a pizza party or extra time at recess. In the middle of the school year the teachers would stop teaching all the other subjects and would start teaching us what was going to be on the TAAS test. My parents did not believe that I was getting challenged enough in the G. T program (Gifted and Talented), so they moved me to a private school. I remember this because my first day of school I felt so behind because for one I was moved on the middle of the school year and two the students were already learning how to subtract. At the school I had just left we were only adding single and double digits and subtracting single digits. My new school the students had already been taught how to subtract double digits and they were learning the hundreds place value. After my first week of school I was so far behind that they asked my parents about putting me in remedial classes my parents were upset that someone would ask them that and got me a tutor, since then I have received excellent grades. How to cite Hello, Papers Hello Free Essays Chapter 2 22. A student heats 0. 5585 g of iron with 0. We will write a custom essay sample on Hello or any similar topic only for you Order Now 3550 g of sulfur. She reports that she obtains 0. 8792 g of iron sulfide and recovers 0. 0433 g of unreacted sulfur. Show by calculation whether or not her results obey the law of conservation of mass. Total mass initial = 0. 5585 g + 0. 3550 g = 0. 9135 g Total mass final = 0. 8792 g + 0. 0433 g = 0. 9225 g These two values should be equal by the law of conservation of mass. These results do not obey the law of conservation of mass. Possibly she made a mistake recording her numbers. 28. When 31 g of phosphorus reacts with oxygen, 71 g of an oxide of phosphorus is the product. What mass of oxygen is needed to produce 13 g of this product? 31g + x = 71g 71g – 31g = 40g oxygen This means that in 71 g of the product there are 40 g of oxygen. 40/71 * 13 g = 7. 32 g 44. Gasoline can be approximated by the formula C8H18. An environmental advocate claims that burning 1 gallon (about 7 lb) of gasoline produces about 19 lb of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas. Explain this apparent contradiction of the law of conservation of mass. Because there is no oxygen added to the 7lbs of C8H18 and therefore, you cannot create oxygen without having oxygen because mass and matter is not created or destroyed. 6. Two experiments were performed in which sulfur was burned completely in pure oxygen gas, producing sulfur dioxide and leaving some unreacted oxygen. In the first experiment, 0. 312 g of sulfur produced 0. 623 g of sulfur dioxide. In the second experiment, 1. 305 g of sulfur was burned. What mass of sulfur dioxide was produced? 0. 312g S = 0. 623g So2 1. 305g S = x So2 0. 623g So2 *1. 30g S /0. 13g S =2. 61g So2 produced Chapter 3 6. What is the mass in u of each atom in Question 5? Atom A- 21 amu Atom B- 21 amu Atom C- 22 amu Atom D- 20 amu 7. Compare Dalton’s model of the atom with the nuclear model of the atom. Dalton atomic model is the simplest model. Atoms only described as a very small ball but massive. This model is still not familiar with the charge within the atom. The nuclear model the atoms are not massive but hollow objects. Electrons are not scattered evenly in the nucleus but are at great distances from the nucleus. Rutherford’s theory also states that the electrons are not silent but orbit around the nucleus. 9. What are the symbol, name, and atomic mass of the element that has 18 protons in the nucleus of its atoms? Symbol= Ar (Argon) mass= 39. 948g 10. Explain what is meant by the term atomic mass. Atomic mass is the weight of protons and neutrons combined in an element 14. How many electrons are there in the neutral atoms of the elements listed in Question 13? Helium= 2Oxygen= 8 Sodium=11Magnesium= 12 Chlorine=17Sulfur= 16 16. Fill in the following table: Element Mass Number Protons Neutrons – Cobalt602732 – Fluorine 19 910 – Uranium23892143 – Lead20782124 20. Without referring to the periodic table, give the atomic numbers of the elements with the following electron structures. a. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1 = 13 . 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 = 11 c. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 = 20 Chapter 4 2. What are the structural differences among chlorine atoms, chlorine molecules, and chloride ions? How do their properties differ? A chlorine molecule consists of two chlorine atoms bound together by a covalent bond. The symbol of a chlorine molecule is Cl2. Chlorine atom is the chemical element with atomic number 17 and symbol Cl. Chloride is either an ion (with extra electron), or a covalent or ionically bounded substance Chlorine atom – 2,8,7(unstable,reactive) Chloride ion-2,8,8(stable,not very reactive) 3. Indicate charges on simple ions formed from the following elements. a. group 3A = +3 b. group 6A = -2 c. group 1A = +1 d. group 7A = -1 5. How many covalent bonds do each of the following usually form? You may refer to the periodic table. a. H = 1 b. C = 4 c. O = 2 d. F = 1 e. N = 3 f. Br = 1 8. Give Lewis symbols for each of the following elements. You may use the periodic table. a. nitrogen = N b. chlorine = Cl c. boron = B 10. Give Lewis structures for each of the following. a. magnesium oxide = MgO b. strontium chloride = SrCl2 c. sodium bromide = NaBr d. lithium nitride = Li3N 14. Refer to page 97. Then use that information to name the following ions. a. Mo4+ = molybdenum(4+) b. Mo6+ = molybdenum ion 18. Name the following binary ionic compounds. a. LiF = lithium fluoride b. CaCl2 = calcium chloride c. MgS = magnesium sulfide d. AgI = Silver iodide e. CuO = copper (II) oxide f. Cu2O = copper (I) oxide 22. Give formulas for the following. a. silver nitrate = AgNO3 b. lithium chromate = Li2CrO4 c. magnesium nitrite = Mg(NO2)2 d. copper(I) phosphate = Cu3(PO4)2 24. Name the following. a. KMnO4 = Potassium permanganate b. CaCO3 = Calcium carbonate c. Li2C2O4 = Lithium Oxalate d. Cu(OH)2 = Copper(II) hydroxide 2. Give formulas for the following covalent compounds. a. oxygen difluoride = OF2 b. chlorine trifluoride = ClF3 c. tricarbon dioxide = C3O2 34. Name the following covalent compounds. a. CBr4 = Tetrabromomethane b. Cl2O7 = Dichlorine heptoxide c. P4S10 = Phosphorus pentasulfide 36. Give Lewis formulas that follow the octet rule for the following covalent molecules. a. NCl3 b. C2H4 c. H2SO4 d. C2H2 e. CH2O f. SCl2 38. Give Lewis formulas that follow the octet rule for the following ions. a. CN? b. ClO2? c. HSO4? 40. Classify the following covalent bonds as polar or nonpolar. a. H — N = polar b. Be — F = ionic c. P — Cl = polar 46. Classify the bonds in the following as ionic or covalent. For bonds that are covalent, indicate whether they are polar or nonpolar. a. NO = polar b. CaO = ionic c. NaBr = ionic 56. Which of the following atoms or molecules are free radicals? a. S = not a free radical b. NO2 = free radical c. N2O4 = not a free radical 66. Is there such a thing as a sodium chloride molecule? Explain. Sodium chloride is a compound that consists of ions. There is no such thing as a molecule of sodium chloride. Instead, sodium chloride consists of sodium ions and chloride ions. How to cite Hello, Essay examples

Project Management Plan of Pibara Regional Council

Question: Discuss about theProject Management Plan of Pibara Regional Council. Answer: Introduction Of Project This report is a result of analysis of project plan for affordable housing project by regional council of Pilbara (PRC). PRC covers Project scope, Assumptions, Milestones details, Risk Management, Communication Management, Cost details in the project plan.PRC working for building around 400+ beds affordable housing within the deadline of 18 months. PRC include public and private association to make smooth execution of project. AS a part of the report we will examine project plan established on all components of PMP. A good Project Management plan essentially covers stakeholder management, Schedule and cost management, Risk Management, Communication management and change management. Below are the key areas that should analyzed for Project Management Plan: PMP gives details about the developments, principles, and process required for project. It briefs about how the project will be recognized, measured and secure during and after development. PMP provides the Outlines roles and responsibilities. Identify all stakeholders and contributors of the project, measures and suitable process. (Bjarne 2007) Background of Project Pilbara Regional Council (PRC) starts planning with Blue Zoo that is the firm of Western advisory in Australia in 2010. PRC address the issues of affordable housing in Pilbara. They both work together over 12 months to find various alternative models to resolve the issue of affordable housing. The association of PRC and Blue zoo identified two potential models and they initially discussed with a local investor and global procurement organization. After further investigation and discussion local investor option was selected as most appropriate method. (Young, 2005) Since this time: An appropriate strategy and investment been created. Commercial associates also been sourced. Secured provisional for financing equity and debt for private-sector. The cases for business have been created for the Port Hedland town. The project will now all set to begin with pending endorsement of the Port Hedland town and the land availability, the subject of this business case. (Brown, 2014) Nature of Venture This affordable housing project execution was based on the public-private partnership model. In this model private sector will fund the project for land servicing and construction and undertake to operate under government guidelines for a period of up to 40 years. This investment will be repaid by the rent receipts and NRAS payments. Project Management Plan PRC build a project plan to execute the project. This project plan helps PRC and other associate stakeholders to achieve the goals of project with all risk factors initially identified with the mitigation plan. The project management plan supports the project stakeholders for accepting the project scope in the beginning of project with identified risk that are linked with project at any time during the project execution. (Cattani, 2011) Below are the details that can be collected by the stakeholders from project plan: Serial No Sections 1 Scope of the project 2 Deliverables and project milestones 3 Tasks with details of start and end date 4 Details of Resourcing and cost and time 5 Project risks and their impact 6 Details of cost concerned in the Project 7 Plan of communication Audience of the PMP Audiences of project plan are the stakeholders as in the current scenarios these are as below: Serial No. Stakeholder Accountable to know Cost Cost provider 1 Pilbara Regional Council Yes Yes 2 Town of Port Hedland No No 3 National Australia Bank Yes Yes 4 Blue Zoo Yes No 5 Construction Company(s) Yes No 6 Facilities Manager(s) No No 7 Individual Communities No No 8 Social Services Providers No No Out of these PRC, Blue Zoo and NAB are the key stakeholders. Key stakeholders are the individual or group whose input directly or indirectly impact the project cost or deadline. (Casey, 2010) Structure of the PMP The affordable housing project plan has below structure: Serial Number Sections covered 1 Project summery 2 Scope and evaluation that covers project background, objectives, deliverables, assumptions and stakeholders details 3 Project budget and cash flow 4 Risk Analysis 5 Communication and procurement plan 6 Governance PRC captures maximum critical areas and after analysis it came to now that PRC did not captured change management plan and the communication plan suggested by the PRC did not covers the frequency ,mode of communication with stakeholders required for each type of communication. Following are the areas that PRC did not cover or poorly covered. (Dennis 2007) Serial Number Project management area not covered or poorly covered 1 Project Risk Management is poorly captured as Mitigation plan is not well defined. 2 Project Resource management is not captured 3 Communication plan did not capture frequency, Communication mode and stakeholder associated with that 4 Change Management is not captured 5 Work break down structure is missed The project plan that developed by the PRC captured every critical area except change management, resource management and work breakdown structure. PRC has done good stakeholder identification with the roles clearly defined in the project but communication and risk management poorly defined. Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) and Microsoft Project Work breakdown contains the entire task that to be performed as a project. Most of the people used to maintain these task in Microsoft project or excel after assigning the start and end date with resource and cost information. Stakeholders of the project or project Manger have to just open the Microsoft project file for tracking the status at any period of time. We can identify the critical and dependent tasks with in project tasks. The Microsoft project file will support further the project manager and stakeholders for identifying the over allocated resources and project cost details. With the help of WBS also helps stakeholders to make project execution fast by adding additional resources in case of non dependent tasks that can be run parallel. Microsoft project also help in seeking the project slack and a project manager can use that slack to perform additional task to make project execution smooth and help in completing the project on time. (David 2006) Risk Management It is also observed that PRC build a good Project scope with all assumptions linked to it and on the same time PRC captured risk for the project with mitigation but for a good risk analysis we should not only categorize and assign risk level but also we should have a good mitigation plan with responsible person and make a RACI chart out of it. For example PRC mentioned one risk as Land availability which is a high risk for the project as whole project depends on this,PRC simply mention that land service can be factored into financial model as mitigation steps but the information is not complete as who will do that how this will accomplish if this risk occur then whom to contact what is plan of action. So we can say we should have more detailed risk analysis so that when it actually occurs we ensure the smooth delivery of project. Below are the points which would get covered under risk management: (Elizabeth, 2005) Communication Plan Furthermore Communication plan is also incomplete for example PRC mentioned that they will responsible for any communication between Town of port Hedland and NAB will responsible to communicate with investors, planning authorities, design and construction teams and facilities managers. For a good project plan we should indentify the regular project status meeting between internal teams and at least 1 monthly project review meeting with all stakeholders. We should also mention the mode of communication for these meetings or emails. Change Management Plan Change management plan is a key section for any project to ensure smooth delivery. Everyone knows that there are situations come during the project execution that it is required to make some adjustments or changes to execute the project from predefined tasks. To accommodate these changes we should have a proper change management plan agreed and implemented as a part of project plan. Normally a change management plan consists (Frame, 2003) what change we are going to implement why certain change is required what will the impact on current project status Who is responsible to approve When it will required to incorporate Contents of the Project Management Plan Project Management plan have below section that should have in every project plan Analysis of Content Requirement As a part of analysis of the project it comes to notice that PRC has missed some important details that can be useful to ensuring smooth execution of the project. Following are some key sections that should be consider as a part of project plan. (Joseph, 2003) Plan for the Management of Scope A project scope has a sentence that explains the project objective with assumptions, constraints and Milestones including deliverables. PRC developed the project plan to implement the need of affordable housing. PRC captures the project scope and Milestones of the project. Project Scope helps stakeholders to understand the objectives and requirements. We describe on what basis we formed this project plan under Assumptions and what is the understanding with the requirements. (Kerzner, 2010) Plan for Management of Schedule (Time) Management of the Schedule is a key section that is required for any of the Project plan. It developed with the needs of other sections such as communication and risk requirement, deliverables, cost and resource management. The project schedule would hold of the owner of the project and stakeholders for accomplishing the objectivities of the project within approved cost and an estimated timeframe. This schedule is the outcome of the work breakdown structure that required to be made as a part of project task based on the objectives. (Larson, 2009) Plan for Cost Management The cost management of the project is the process to calculate the cost required to complete the project with each task of project. PRC has total cost estimated as 84M for the project and additional cost of 2500$ will be provided by NAB in case of requirement. Cost management plan covers the flow of cost with total estimated cost and the accountable resource for cost provider. (Levin, 2010) Plan for the Quality Management The Quality Management in the project has the process that is required to ensure that project will induce the needs for which this will get originate. It holds all the actions of entire function management that set up the aims, responsibilities, apparatus and policy quality policy them by means such as system of quality inside the system, assurance and improvement, planning and control over quality. PRC did not include any quality plan and control that is required for smooth delivery. (Lewis, 2006) Plan for Management of Risk To make any project victory it is necessary to analyze and recognize the risk at early stage of project and we should intended mitigation in case of its event. PRC captures the risks identification, impact with its mitigation plan. Risk Management helps every associate of project to address all type of risk for a agreed project with its mitigation plan so that when it really occur we follow the plan and get it resolved without impact on project schedule and cost.PRC covers the risk with its levels and mitigation plan. (Lencioni, 2005) Make Risk administration some portion of your task: The standard of the principal is crucial to get accomplishment of undertaking administration of risk. In the event that you don't really install administration for risk in the task, you can't profit from this methodology. Identify chance prior: The initial phase in task hazard administration is to distinguish the dangers that are available in your venture. This requires a receptive outlook set that spotlights on future situations that may happen. Communicate about Risk: A great methodology is to reliably incorporate danger correspondence in the undertakings you do. On the off chance that you have a group meeting, make venture chances part of the default motivation (and not the last thing on the rundown!). This shows dangers are imperative to the venture administrator and gives colleagues a "characteristic minute" to talk about them and report new ones. (Ireland, 2006) Consider both the Threats and Opportunities: Project dangers have the negative undertone: they are the "awful folks" that can hurt your undertaking. However cutting edge hazard approaches likewise concentrate on positive dangers, the task opportunities. These are some of questionable occasions that valuable to your task and association. These "great folks" make your task speedier, better and more productive. Ownership for clarifying problems: The following stride is to clarify who is in charge of what danger! Somebody needs to feel the warmth if a danger is not dealt with appropriately. The trap is straightforward: allot a danger proprietor for every danger that you have found. The danger proprietor is the individual in your group that has the obligation to improve this danger for the undertaking. The impacts are truly positive. (Marcum, 2008) Significant Risk Risk(s) Persons at risk Likelihood Impact Risk Score Current controls in place Additional controls required to eliminate risk or reduce as far as practicable Estimated completion date Plan for the management of Communication Communications management is the organized planning, implementing and monitoring of all the type of communication within an organization, and between organizations. Good communication plans have at least 1 weekly internal meeting with 1 monthly review with stakeholders. Communication plan also includes the frequency and mode of communication with deliverables of each communication in predefined table format in project plan for example below is the communication sample plan Communication Types Frequency Description of defined Type Mode Deliverable Participants Project status Report Weekly Post meeting an email will sent that contains summary about project status meeting with current update and future action plans Email Status Report of the Project Sponsors of the Project, Project Team members and Project Stakeholders Report review for the Project Monthly (PMR) Monthly This will contain all the condition of the team member and project sponsor and also provide metrics for the present project In-person Status of the Project and Metrics of the current project Sponsors of the Project, Project Team members and Project Stakeholders Plan for the Procurement Management Procurement management of the Project is the processes required to purchase or obtain products, services from outside the project team or vendors required to execute a project. This plan contains preferred vendor list with the items and price with tentative delivery time. Project team can coordinate with the vendors in case of any product that is not available and need to procure. Project team then compare the list of vendors with price and lead delivery time and quality rating of the vendor.PRC did not capture this thing in their project plan and may face issues at a later stage in case of any product or services need to procure or have to pay higher amount to get things on time. (Martin, 2002) Change Management Plan Change management plan is an important section that normally missed by the manager of the project. PRC should have correct process for the change management in the project plan. This document is formal document that address the required modification requested by the stakeholder at any period of time during execution of the project. This plan explains the need of modification with the impact on current status of project and also covers the cost and schedule part of project with set of Approver(s). These plans also have the change requested date and implementation date of required change. (Meredith, 2008) Phase #1: Recognize the needs for any project stakeholder modification: Requestor will near the completed the modification for the demand structure to the venture director Phase #2: Log modification in the register of modification demand by Manager of the Project: The task chief will keep up the log of all modifications demands for length of the defined project Phase #3: Conduct the assessment of the changes which contains Requestor, Team of the Project and Manager of the Project: The venture administrator will direct an evaluation of the consequence of the modification to cost, hazard, scope and schedule. (Paul, 2005) Phase #4: Submit request for change to Board of Change Control Board (CCB) by Manager of the Project: The venture supervisor will near the modification solicitation and examination to the audit for CCB Phase #5: Change Control Board choice (CCB): The examiner for CCB proposed modification and decide whether or not it will be affirmed based on all the information that was submitted Phase #6: Execute modification by the Manager of the Project: On the off chance that the modification is confirmed by the CCB, the task chief will upgrade and re-benchmark documentation of the project as essential and additionally guarantee any of the progressions are conveyed to the partners and group. (Sanghera, 2009) Element name Description of the elements Priority A code that provides a recommended categorization of the urgency of the requested change (High, Medium, Low) Date The date the CR was created CR# Assigned by the Change Manager Title A brief description of the change request Phone Phone number of the submitter Submitter Name of the person completing the CR Form and who can answer questions regarding the suggested change Product The product that the suggested change is for E-Mail Email of the submitter Version The product version that the suggested change is for Description Description of the desired change, the impact, or benefits of a change should also be described Change Request Form (Example) SUBMITTER - GENERAL INFORMATION CR# Submitter Name Brief Description of Request Date Submitted Date Required Priority Low Medium High Mandatory Reason for Change Other Artifacts Impacted Assumptions and Notes Attachments or References Yes No Link: INITIAL ANALYSIS Hour Impact Duration Impact Schedule Impact Comments Recommendations CHANGE CONTROL BOARD - DECISION Decision Approved Approved w/Conditions Rejected More Info Decision Date Decision Explanation Conditions Conclusions As a result of analysis of the project plan offered by PRC we observed that it captured all the necessary areas of project plan management. Project plan document helps us in recognizing the project scope and objectives along with the tasks, associated resource and cost details. PMP guidelines states that the current project plan should focus on communication management along with project schedule, risk management and change management. In PRC project plan project risk are identified correctly but who is responsible to mitigate what steps we need to follow that information is missing. Similarly communication plan does not cover any information that what type of communication should required what frequency and mode of communication. (Schwalbe, 2009) There are numerous project Management forms to achieve the project with own pros and cons connected with this. It is compulsory to choose a correct method as per the type of project, size of project and resources involved .(Paul 2005) Most of the project fails because of weak planning so we should consider every minute details of project during planning phase while creating the project plan. (Stackpole, 2009) Recommendations After analysis of project plan developed by PRC it was acknowledged that if they select Critical chain Project Management then total project length and cost can be save. Following are some recommendations as follows: Change management plan should provide in project plan to accommodate future project modification that may required achieving project goals. Communication Plan should have mode of communication, frequency and deliverable for each type of communication with stakeholder involved in the project plan. (Subramanian, 2015) Risk Register should get prepared in the plan and maintained and updated at regular interval with all type of risk their impact and mitigation plan steps and associated responsible person. Procure management plan should be developed as a part of project plan and help teams in case of any required product or service to be procured at a later stage of project. (Tom, 2013) References Bjarne K., 2007,Project Management Theory and practice.. Nyt Teknisk Forlag.ISBN 87-571-2603-8. p.59 Brown, James T., 2014,The Handbook of Program Management: How to Facilitate Project Success with Optimal Program Management, Second Edition. The McGraw-Hill Companies Cattani, G., Ferriani, S., Frederiksen, L. and Florian, T., 2011, Project-Based Organizing and Strategic Management, Advances in Strategic Management, Vol 28 Casey, Bill, Ph.D. and Peck, W., 2010,Choosing the Right PMO Setup,PM Network Dennis Lock, 2007,Project Management David I. Cleland, Roland Gareis, 2006,Global Project Management Handbook. "Chapter 1: "The evolution of project management" Elizabeth R., 2005,How to Create a Clear Project Plan,Project Times Frame, J. Davidson, 2003,Managing Projects in Organizations: How to Make the Best Use of Time, Techniques, and People,3rd edition,Jossey-Bass Joseph Phillips, 2003,PMP Project Management Professional Study Guide. McGraw-Hill Professional, 2003.ISBN 0-07-223062-2p.354 Kerzner, H., 2010, ProjectManagement:Project Management: A Systems Approach to Planning, Scheduling, and Controlling, 10th edition, Wiley Larson, Elizabeth R., 2009,Requirements Management, Part 1: Requirements Planning,Watermark Learning, Inc. Levin, Ginger, PMP, PgMP, Green, Allen R., 2010, Implementing Program Management: Templates and Forms Aligned with the Standard for Program Management Second Edition. CRC Press Lewis, J., 2006,The Project Manager's Desk Reference,3rd edition,McGraw-Hill Lencioni, Patrick M., 2005,Overcoming the Five Dysfunctions of a Team: A Field Guide for Leaders, Managers, and Facilitators (J-B Lencioni Series), Jossey-Bass Lewis R. Ireland, 2006,Project Management. McGraw-Hill Professional, 2006.ISBN 0-07-147160-X. p.110 Marcum, D., Smith, S., 2008, Egonomics: What Makes Ego Our Greatest Asset (or Most Expensive Liability),Fireside; Reprint edition Martin Stevens, 2002,Project Management Pathways. Association for Project Management, p-xxii Meredith, R. Jack and Mantel, Jr., Samuel J., 2008, Project Management: A Managerial Approach, 7th edition,Wiley Paul C. D., 2005, The right projects done right!John Wiley and Sons,ISBN 0-7879-7113-8. p.35 Sanghera, P., 2009,Fundamentals of Effective Program Management, A Process Approach Based on the Global Standard. J. Ross Publishing, Inc. Schwalbe, K., 2009,Information Technology Project Management (with MicrosoftProject 2007 CD-ROM), 6th edition,Course Technology Stackpole, C. S., 2009,A Project Manager's Book of Forms: A Companion to thePMBOKGuide, Wiley Subramanian, Satish, P., 2015,Transforming Business with Program Management: Integrating Strategy, People, Process, Technology, Structure, and Measurement. Auerbach Publications Tom K., 2013, The Project Management Tool Kit: 100 Tips and Techniques for Getting the Job Done Right, Third Edition. AMACOM Books Weiss, Joseph and Wysocki, R., 2012,Five-phase Project Management: A Practical Planning And Implementation Guide, Basic Books Wysocki, Robert K., 2013,Effective Project Management: Traditional, Adaptive, Extreme (Seventh Edition).John Wiley Sons Young-H. K., 2005, "A brief History of Project Management". In:The story of managing projects

The Nazi Party Essays - Nazi Germany, The Holocaust,

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Do Humans behave to maximise R essays

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Compare the United States and another country of their choice on the Research Paper

Compare the United States and another country of their choice on the basis of cultural differences and Geert Hofstedes Five Cultural Dimensions - Research Paper Example Such environments also create a problem between the employees and even the managers who come from the different cultural backgrounds and are well versed in different managerial approaches (Walker, Walker, & Schmitz, 2003). Hofstede’s cultural dimensions provide an avenue through which the cultural dimensions of different countries can be analyzed to allow the business create the necessary adjustments towards succeeding in such markets. The United States and China are increasingly growing markets for both local and international business. However, the historical, political, social, and economic pasts of these countries have formed a framework for cultural developments, which shape the current business approaches and interactions. As such, this paper is going to employ Hofstede’s dimensions in analyzing the cultural differences between the US and China, and how the cultural constructs influence the business interactions in the two countries. Currently, China forms the most appealing and in Asia, with increased international collaboration with a variety of partners from other countries and regions. The country not only received direct foreign investments from other countries within the Asia region, but also receives large investments from Europe and North America(Guirdham, 2009). On the other hand, the US forms the largest economy in the world, with a growing number of business lines involving the highly diversified population that has generated a mainstream culture towards conducting business. The line that differentiates the US and Chinese cultures is thick enough and evident within the business practices. The four cultural dimensions by Hofstede coupled by the fifth dimension by Bond provide a clear framework for the analysis of the cultural differences between the US and China. Hofstede was one of the cultural researchers who first adopted the problem-solving pragmatic approach in relating culture and management

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Establish credibility in desired career path in criminal justice - Essay Example Because their duties and responsibilities require them to uphold the law, police officers have their work defined and described by rather high standards of integrity. It is therefore imperative that police officers, just like the other professionals in criminal justice system, be on the look out for any issues that may jeopardize their credibility. Several factors have been cited to compromise the credibility of police officers during the execution of their duties. First, failure by police officers to recognize and respect the dignity and values of every individual and group in the community could compromise the integrity of police officers. Second, courtesy is the also important in the execution of police duties as it not only encourages understanding and cooperation but it also makes the police force trustworthy. To achieve high standards of courtesy, police officers must bring violent or assaultive people under control and protect other officers and the public from imminent harm. In other terms, police officers must only apply reasonable force to bring criminal incidents or disorders under control (Gottschalk, 2010). Poor public information dissemination and reporting has also been mentioned as a possible compromise to the credibility of police officers. To avoid this drawback on credibility, police officers should prepare public reports and statistics on incidents such as shootings, seizures, arrests, complaints, investigations and departmental recommendations (Davidson & Gottschalk, 2012). The provision of periodic feedback on the performance, practices, and behaviors of law enforcement agencies and personnel is thus one way of establishing integrity and credibility. Importantly, information on police procedures and policies on issues such as non-discrimination, community policing, recruitment and investigation should be disseminated to

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Evolution Of Central Banking In India Finance Essay The term paper discusses the role that the Reserve Bank of India has played in the Indian banking system. In the start it talks about the evolution of the bank and its preliminary functions. Then the role of the bank in the last two decades has been studied taking into account structural changes made by the bank so as to adapt to the changing needs of the banks in the dynamic economic environment. It can be observed that the role of the Central bank has changed from being a mere controller to an enabler where it is in a position to make the banking industry make significant contribution to the countrys economy. The paper also discusses the supervisory role of RBI where it is trying to implement the Risk Based method to supervise banks. The paper concludes with the future outlook on the banking industry and how the RBI should evolve further when compared to Central Banks in developed economies across the world. The Reserve Bank of India Evolution of Central Banking in India Reserve bank of India is central bank of India and regulates all the banks of the country. It all started in late 18th century when first time in the history of India Warren Hastings felt that there is need of centralized bank in India. His recommendation didnt reach at a thoughtful conclusion of creating a central body to regulate the banking in India. Later when demand of central bank increased in the 20th century and Lord Keynes also recommended setting up a central bank. Three Presidency banks Presidency bank of Bengal, Presidency bank of Bombay and Presidency bank of Madras merged to form Imperial bank of India to make central bank of India. A bill was brought in the assembly to establish RBI as central bank in in India in 1927 but got refused. In the third round table conference held in the year 1933, it was recommended to set up a free body to control the banking system in India. Due to all these fresh recommendations a fresh bill tabled in the parliament on 22 December 1933 a nd got passed in year 1934. Reserve bank started its function from April 1 1935 under the Reserve bank of India Act 1934. Evolution of Role and Functions Role of RBI is evolved over the period of time. In the initial stages it performed two basic functions. First, it acted as a central point of reserves for Indian banks and timely lend to the banks as they required funds for the operations in the emergency case. Second, it functioned as a regulator for the Indian banks and made sure that they perform their activities in the interest of the depositors. In the years before the independence, banking network and scenario in India was not spread properly all over the country. They were divided in the foreign banks and domestic banks. Foreign banks mostly served to the British companies in India. Domestic banks were only engaged with domestic groups and overall banking intermediation among the banks and the customers was weak. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) or the Central Bank is the backbone of the Indian financial system. It was set up under the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934. RBI was initially started with 5 crores of capital and governed by directors of central bank. Since its inception in the year 1935, the functions undertaken by the bank have not only increased but have also undergone changes in accordance with the changing needs of the Indian economy. It was in the year 1949 that the bank was nationalized. The role and functions of RBI became critical after independence and worked in order to increase the saving habit in India to generate more wealth for growth of the country. More the people will save and more will be the investment in the projects. Its roles were primarily on the basis of this hypothesis that the poor were unable to save and increase funds on their own. RBI was assisting government to establish institutions to serve the public by providing funds for specific functions. After second five year plan in 1956 government of India came up with decision of establishing financial institutions with assistance of RBI. These institutions were Industrial development bank of India (IDBI), Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India (ICICI), Industrial Finance Corporation of India (IFCI). They will make credit available and perform their functions at central level and work as apex institutions for such state level and regional institutions. The role of RBI became concentrated after the establishment of these institutions. The Functions of RBI evolved with expansion of banking. RBI played a vital role to make the banking facilities available in the concerned areas. Banking reached to remote areas of the country. SBI was formed in 1955. Imperial bank of India was converted in State bank of India in the year 1955. Then came the period of very critical moves of the Indian banking history when 14 banks were nationalized in 1969 and in 1980 when 6 more banks were nationalized. These bold moves led to the increased network in the rural areas of the country where most of the population was based. The traditional credit was for agriculture and a specialized institution being established in 1963 with name of Agriculture Finance Corporation (AFC) which later converted into NABARD in 1982. The role of RBI expanded after these institutions as these institutions helped the country to evolve with better banking facilities. Functions of Reserve Bank of India These are some basic roles which RBI performs in the country: Issue currency notes: RBI is only authorized government body to issue notes in the country. It has one issuing department to issue notes of 2,5,10, 20, 50, 100, 500 and 1000. One rupee note is issued by the finance ministry of central government. Bank of the Government: RBI is known as the banker or Agent of central government. It holds deposit of the government and pays on the demand of government. It also gives timely advice to the government on the financial policies. RBI issues bonds for the government and manages debt for them with appropriate charges. Bank of the banks: RBI also performs the job of banker for the all the banks in India. All banks who came under RBI act, have to put their cash reserves at the rate called CRR with RBI. RBI will regulate and supervise the operations of banks as soon as they are incorporated under the RBI Act. Banking System Regulator: RBI is responsible for the regulation of Indian banking system. All banks who comes under RBI Act 1949 are bound follow the guidelines issued by RBI. RBI has powers of licensing, management, expansion, inspection and direction in this regard. Clearing House: RBI is responsible for the settlements among the banks. It runs clearing houses in major cities to for the settlements and smooth transaction of cash between banks. Credit Control: Credit Control is another important role that RBI performs. RBI performs credit control duty with the help of qualitative and quantitative instruments. Some qualitative measures are selective credit control, rationing of credit, moral persuasion and direct action. Bank Rate, Cash Reserve Ratio, Statutory Liquidity Ratio, Repo Reverse Repo and Open Market Operations are quantitative instruments to control credit. THE ROLE OF THE BANK POST 1990: In the early 1990s, the country was faced with the crisis of maintaining its diminishing foreign exchange reserves. There was a need to put in place a new economic framework and policies so as to deal with this situation. This period saw the introduction of economic reforms which made the environment more conducive for the functioning of the private sector. During this period it was the Reserve Bank of India which was entrusted with the task of regulating the new system that was put in place, bringing in technology to strengthen, modernize and make the functioning of banks more efficient, introducing varied monetary policy instruments and management of currency. As of today, keeping in line with the changes that need to be incorporated in the functioning of the Central Bank, the bank is divided into 27 departments where each department is responsible for policy making in a particular area assigned to it. Depending on the requirement the bank has in the past added new departments and closed down some of the existing departments. The Central Board has the responsibility of the proper functioning of the Central Bank. The aim of the Central Bank is to ensure stability of prices while supporting economic growth. The role of the central Bank has evolved over the years from being the implementer of the monetary policy to include other functions such as regulation and supervision of the countrys banking system. Moreover it has also gained greater autonomy in its functioning with regards to managing its own personnel, financing expenditure for the government where the RBI (rather than the government) can decide the amount of funding provided to the government, this further means that the monetary policy can be implemented independently of the fiscal policy and the new instruments introduced by RBI give it more flexibility so to better respond to changing macroeconomic environment. Post 1990, various changes have been made by the bank in its structure and operations to deal with the responsibilities thrust on it. In the year 1994 the Board for Financial Supervision was formed and was given that task of regulating, auditing and supervising banks, NBFCs, and financial institutions. Although the body exists under the RBI it is independent in its functioning which is not the case for many Central Banks across the world. In the year 1995, Bhartiya Reserve Bank Note Mudran Private Limited was formed as a subsidiary of RBI. The reason for its formation was the management of the banks two printing presses so as to handle the supply of currency in the economy when needed. The Financial Markets Committee (FMC) has been established in the year 1997 and is responsible for providing inputs on a daily basis with regards to the same. The Technical Advisory Committee (TAC) has been formed in July 2005 where its role is to advise the bank on the actions that it should take whil e reviewing the monetary policy. Also introduced in the second half of 2005 were the pre consultation meetings and resource management discussions (conducted every year) where apart from the Indian Banks Association, representatives from other banking and financial institutions are also present so as to give their opinions and views regarding which direction the economy is headed before the monetary policy review. Such interactions will make the policy review inclusive and transparent. Another area of change in the recent past is more interaction by the bank with the journalists and the media resulting in better dissemination of information. NEW MONETARY POLICY INSTRUMENTS INTRODUCED AFTER 1990: Apart from the Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) and the Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR), the bank in the last decade has introduced other instruments such as Open Market Operations (OMO) and Liquidity Adjustment Facility (LAF) to manage short term liquidity requirements for banks, also introduced in 2004 was the Market Stabilization Scheme (MSS) for managing excess liquidity because of inflow of capital into the country from abroad. The portfolio of monetary policy tools that the bank has, gives it the required flexibility to deal with the changing macroeconomic conditions and make monetary policy transmission more efficient and effective. To protect the monetary policy from being impacted by the fiscal policy (fiscal deficit monetization), the Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act was passed in the year 2003, this has given more autonomy and control to the bank with respect to the monetary policy. The bank has also given its view with regards to inflation where according to it the upper limit on the inflation should be around 5 %. This has influenced the acceptable level of inflation to come down. The RBI has had the freedom to make changes with respect to the mandatory provisions that banks have to make (such as CRR and SLR which are direct monetary policy tools) and the assignment of risk weights as and when needed. EVOLVING SUPERVISORY ROLE: There has been a gradual shift in the supervisory and regulatory roles that RBI had been assigned. Initially the Central bank was mainly concerned with maintaining solvency of banks operating in the system where it issued directives and guidelines with regards to granting of licenses, the level of reserves to be maintained, specifying interest rates for lending and deposits, requirement of capital. Whereas now the RBI is trying to put in place processes which take into account the countrys economic condition and are in line with those followed by Central banks across the world. The Central Bank has successfully handled the role of a supervisor for the changing Indian banking industry. Earlier Central Bank was more concerned with ensuring that the banks in the system were adhering to the all the safeguards laid down by it. The approach used gave more importance to a banks financial statements and checking for any incidence of non compliance (offsite, onsite inspections, CAMELS method). Under this approach the information that could be obtained from the banks financial statements was used as the criterion by the auditors to form any judgment about the bank. This approach had been sufficient in the recent past when the banks in the system had limited their business to lending out and getting deposits. However post 2000; the banking industry has seen the arrival of technology and the introduction of extremely complex financial instruments or products (for instance Securitization, Derivatives) which have linkages across different markets. This has made the supe rvisory role of the bank even tougher. With the complexity and the risk in the banking system increasing the earlier method of supervising the banks is no longer sufficient. It fails to take an overall view of the banks business. It does not look at how much risk the bank is facing, whether it is able to understand it and is in a position to manage it. Thus the Central bank is now focusing on the Risk Based method for supervising banks. This is still an ongoing process. Through this method the level of risk associated with a particular bank can be estimated and a specific supervisory plan can be developed for the bank. The following diagram shows the steps involved in risk based assessment. SUPERVISION CYCLE: Understanding the bank profile and developing a Risk Matrix based on inputs from offsite monitoring and surveillance, internal capital adequacy assessment, audit reports, market intelligence Planning the supervisory action to be taken, defining its scope and objective and communicating it to the management of the bank Discussion with management, Monitoring action plan, mitigation of risk, required level of supervision Surveillance Review and Evaluation Process, Assessment of Capital, onsite inspection and determining the risk rating The Risk Assessment Matrix combined with the Risk Impact Rating gives the level of supervision needed for the bank. The Risk Assessment Matrix is as given below: Risk Group Weights Risk (Net) 85% Risk(OG) 15% Risk (inherent) Risk (control) Risk associated with governance and oversight Credit Risk (CR) 30% 70% 30% Market Risk (MR) 20% 70% 30% Operational Risk (OR) 20% 70% 30% Liquidity Risk (LR) 20% 70% 30% Pillar 2 Risk (P2) 10% 70% 30% Now for any group say Credit Risk Risk Credit = 0.7 * Risk Inherent +0.3* Risk Control Similarly it can be calculated for all other groups. Now the Risk (Net) = 0.85*(0.3* Risk Credit + 0.2* Risk Market + 0.2 * Risk Operations +0.2 * Risk Liquidity + 0.1 * Risk Pillar2) + 0.15 * Risk OG Risk of Failure = 0.2*(Risk (Net)^2 + Capital available) The risk of failure is arranged on a linear scale from 0 to 4. The score obtained above is then combined with the Impact Rating (again arranged on a scale from 0 to 4) to get the necessary supervisory action to be taken for the bank. The impact rating is dependent on the following factors: Size Interconnectedness Cross Jurisdictional activities Complexity Infrastructure Each factor is again assigned a weight and is further dependent on impact indicators. Risk Impact Index Matrix Risk Failure Impact Rating 16 64 144 256 9 36 81 144 4 16 36 64 1 4 9 16 Risk Impact Index = (Risk Failure)^2*(Impact Rating)^2 For the matrix shown above in column 1 Risk Failure = 1 and Risk Impact varies between 1 to 4, similarly in column 2 Risk Failure = 2 and Risk Impact again varies between 1 to 4. Each bank will lie in one of the boxes and the different colors indicate the type of supervision needed for a particular bank. The type of supervision recommended by the Central Bank is as follows: Color Supervision Needed Baseline Monitoring Close Monitoring Active Oversight Corrective Action The level of monitoring becomes more stringent as we move down the above table. For banks with high risk of failure (say 4) the action is stringent irrespective of the impact rating. Future Outlook Comparison of RBI with other central banks of the world On comparing RBI with other central banks of the world, we see that each bank adopts different tools despite having similar objectives. The difference in the same can be seen in the structure of the balance sheet of the respective countries. Some of the salient features of major world banks are: FED In USA, the central bank controls the fund rates through Open Market Operations or OMO by infusing or absorbing liquidity through the purchase or selling of US treasuries. Other tools used are Discount rate facility and Reserve requirements which help control the banks. FED also introduced certain new tools such as term deposit facility, primary dealer credit facility etc. after the 2008 crisis where poor regulations were attributed to the market crash. USA is thus follows an active market based system. ECB ECB on the other hand follows more of a bank based approach. Though ECB also adopts OMO, it follows a different approach where it produces money and lends it to banks similar to a repo transaction where the preferred collateral is government bonds. This difference can also be attributed to the history of the nation with USA traditionally being a supporter of open market. Hence during the crisis, the FED responded by providing liquidity to entities such as Mutual funds, Primary dealers etc. while ECB s approach was centered on the various central banks. Comparison with RBI On comparison of the above banks with RBI, we clearly see certain similarities as well as differences. India being a developing nation does not hold the power of developed nations and hence RBI uses both Repo transactions as well as OMO purchases to control the financial system of the nation. India predominantly follows a bank based system where the RBI controls the banks and lays down guidelines for its operation. This has helped put in place a strong foundation for the growth of the nation but looking forward with the development of financial markets in India, the RBI would need to ease down regulations in order to help the nation progress. Currently the banking industry in India is unattractive for players to enter due to stiff competition as well as guidelines from the RBI. The comparison of the balance sheet of RBI with other central banks revealed some interesting insights. For the analysis, we compare RBIs balance sheet with balance sheets of central banks of both developed and developing nations. The banks we have taken into consideration are the USAs Federal Reserve, European Central Bank, Swiss National Bank (SNB) and Brazils Banco Central Do Brazil (BCB). For Europe, balance sheet of ECB and 17 other national banks have been combined to give a better idea. This has been named as ESCB or European System of Central Banks. From the diagram we see that central banks of developed economies rely more on bank reserves for creating liquidity (Bank Reserves 2% to 53% in 2011 for Fed). The share in currency during the period has decreased. For RBI we see that there has been no major change during the years. Analysis of the graph above shows that for developed economies, domestic assets form the largest share of assets while for India the share of domestic assets has increased over the years. From the above analysis, we see how having good regulations helped India ride out the 2008 crisis without any major loses while we see significant changes for developed nations. India is thus heading in the right direction in terms of how the central bank is molding itself to propel Indias growth in the future. Bond Market in India The corporate bond market in India is currently underdeveloped with high financing costs acting as a hindrance for firms to raise money through this avenue. On analyzing the financing polices of firms from 2000-01 to 2010-11 we see that of the total debt raised by companies the proportion of debt raised from banks has increased from 14% to 18% while the debt from bond markets has stagnated and rose only marginally from 3.5% to 3.9%. Even though the corporate bond market in India is underdeveloped at the moment, it is clear that in order for India to be a developed nation bonds markets have to be come up in order to ease the capital pressure on the banks. In this context the role of RBI going forward will change. Currently we see that there is lag whenever RBI announces a policy since banks take time in responding to directives like say a cut in interest rate while an active bond market will ensure such lag is eliminated. A cut in interest rate by the RBI will increase the bind prices in the market and thus help in faster policy implementation. ROAD AHEAD From the above analysis we see how the role of RBI has changed over the years and how it fares in comparison to other central banks of the world. The measures taken by the RBI has ensured we have a strong financial foundation which has helped propelled the growth of the nation. Going forward, with the development of financial markets (strong equity market and inevitable development of bond market) RBI should change its role to attract investors and bring in more capital to help fuel the growth of India. RBI thus needs to ease regulation in a way which would make banking attractive and promote the good institutions in the system but at the same time learn from the mistakes committed by developed nations in ensuring we have strong regulations which help prevent potential crisis. The RBI can thus ensure that the late entry of India can thus work in its favor in ensuring that the banking industry keeps pace with the growth of the nation and helps India become a developed nation in the near future.